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=== '''Help Write Articles about our World''' ===
Welcome to '''Citizendium''', a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their '''real names'''.  We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject.  Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive.  Read more about <big>'''[[CZ:About|who we are]]'''</big>.
----
See '''<big>[[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]]</big>'''&mdash;an overview of articles being worked on ''now''.
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=== <center>'''Help Write Articles about our World'''</center> ===


Welcome to '''Citizendium''', a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their '''real names'''.  We write the kinds of articles that Wikipedia can't write.  We welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject.  Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive.


See '''<big>[[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]]</big>'''&mdash;an overview of articles we are writing ''now''.


===='''Become a member--it's free!'''====
* '''[https://forms.gle/aiW5jqp66mFaHDKU6 Join here]'''
* [[CZ:How to start a new_article|Start a new article]]
*  Improve [[CZ:Workgroups|existing articles]]
** [[CZ:Quick Start|Quick Start]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[CZ:How to collaborate|How to collaborate]]&nbsp;|&nbsp;[[CZ:How To|How to format pages]]
*[[CZ:Introduction_to_CZ_for_Wikipedians|Wikipedians are '''very''' welcome]]!
* Read our [[CZ:Policies|policies]]. We [[CZ:Objectivity Guidance|strive for objectivity]].
* We [[CZ:Myths and Facts#Myth: most Citizendium articles are copied from Wikipedia.|prefer new material]] but importing is allowed in [[CZ:Import|certain conditions]].
* See articles considered [[CZ:Ready for reading|ready for reading]].
* We are a partner site with [https://www.physicsforums.com/ Physics Forums]; see [[CZ:More_information_for_Physics_Forums_Members|this]].


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<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Some of our finest''' </h4>
<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
[[Image:Approved.png|36px|36px|left]]
<p style="line-height:21px; padding-left:20px;">
<p style="line-height:21px; padding-left:45px;">
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total articles]])</small>
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total articles]])</small>
</p>
</p>

Latest revision as of 19:28, 18 February 2024

Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about who we are.


See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

Become a member--it's free!

Agriculture Earth Sciences Journalism Physics
Anthropology Economics Law Politics
Archaeology Education Library & Info. Sci. Psychology
Architecture Engineering Linguistics Religion
Astronomy Food Science Literature Robotics
Biology Games Mathematics Sociology
Business Geography Media Sports
Chemistry Health Sciences Military Theater
Classics History Music Topic Informant
Computers Hobbies Philosophy Visual Arts


Please help today!
Please make your donations here.
Donations go to keep our servers running. See our financial report.


New Blog Post
Why save Citizendium? My reason number 1.





















Article counts

Citable Articles (145)
Developed Articles (1,143)
Developing Articles (7,878)
Stubs (7,959)
(17,243 total articles)

No man is wise enough by himself.
Titus Maccius Plautus (254 BC - 184 BC), Miles Gloriosus
       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Telephone newspaper/Citable Version

1901 photograph of a stentor (announcer) at the Budapest Telefon Hirmondó.
Telephone newspaper is a general term for the telephone-based news and entertainment services which were introduced beginning in the 1890s, and primarily located in large European cities. These systems were the first example of electronic broadcasting, and offered a wide variety of programming, however, only a relative few were ever established. Although these systems predated the invention of radio, they were supplanted by radio broadcasting stations beginning in the 1920s, primarily because radio signals were able to cover much wider areas with higher quality audio.

History

After the electric telephone was introduced in the mid-1870s, it was mainly used for personal communication. But the idea of distributing entertainment and news appeared soon thereafter, and many early demonstrations included the transmission of musical concerts. In one particularly advanced example, Clément Ader, at the 1881 Paris Electrical Exhibition, prepared a listening room where participants could hear, in stereo, performances from the Paris Grand Opera. Also, in 1888, Edward Bellamy's influential novel Looking Backward: 2000-1887 foresaw the establishment of entertainment transmitted by telephone lines to individual homes.

The scattered demonstrations were eventually followed by the establishment of more organized services, which were generally called Telephone Newspapers, although all of these systems also included entertainment programming. However, the technical capabilities of the time meant that there were limited means for amplifying and transmitting telephone signals over long distances, so listeners had to wear headphones to receive the programs, and service areas were generally limited to a single city. While some of the systems, including the Telefon Hirmondó, built their own one-way transmission lines, others, including the Electrophone, used standard commercial telephone lines, which allowed subscribers to talk to operators in order to select programming. The Telephone Newspapers drew upon a mixture of outside sources for their programs, including local live theaters and church services, whose programs were picked up by special telephone lines, and then retransmitted to the subscribers. Other programs were transmitted directly from the system's own studios. In later years, retransmitted radio programs were added.

During this era telephones were expensive luxury items, so the subscribers tended to be the wealthy elite of society. Financing was normally done by charging fees, including monthly subscriptions for home users, and, in locations such as hotel lobbies, through the use of coin-operated receivers, which provided short periods of listening for a set payment. Some systems also accepted paid advertising.

Footnotes