Comprehension approach: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>John Stephenson
(Live)
imported>John Stephenson
(In-text references -> footnotes (maybe this looks better?))
Line 1: Line 1:
The '''comprehension approach''' is an [[umbrella term]] which refers to several [[methodologies]] of [[language learning]] that emphasise understanding of [[language]] rather than [[speech|speaking]] (Winitz, [[1981]]; Gary & Gary, 1981a and 1981b). This is in contrast to the better-known [[communicative language teaching|communicative approach]], under which learning is thought to emerge through [[production]], i.e. a focus on speech and [[writing]].
The '''comprehension approach''' is an [[umbrella term]] which refers to several [[methodologies]] of [[language learning]] that emphasise understanding of [[language]] rather than [[speech|speaking]].<ref>Winitz, [[1981]]; Gary & Gary, 1981a and 1981b.</ref> This is in contrast to the better-known [[communicative language teaching|communicative approach]], under which learning is thought to emerge through [[production]], i.e. a focus on speech and [[writing]].


The comprehension approach is most strongly associated with the [[linguists]] [[Harris Winitz]], [[Stephen Krashen]], [[Tracy D. Terrell]] and [[James J. Asher]]. The comprehension-based methodology mostly commonly found in classrooms is Asher's ([[1969]]; 1981) [[Total Physical Response]] approach; Krashen and Terrell's ([[1983]]) [[Natural Approach]] has not been widely applied.
The comprehension approach is most strongly associated with the [[linguists]] [[Harris Winitz]], [[Stephen Krashen]], [[Tracy D. Terrell]] and [[James J. Asher]]. The comprehension-based methodology mostly commonly found in classrooms is Asher's [[Total Physical Response]] approach;<ref>Asher, [[1969]]; 1981.</ref> Krashen and Terrell's [[Natural Approach]]<ref>Krashen & Terrell, 1983.</ref> has not been widely applied.


The comprehension approach is based on [[theories]] of [[linguistics]], specifically Krashen's ([[1982]]) [[Monitor Theory]], and is also inspired by research on [[second language acquisition]] in [[children]], particularly the [[silent period]] phenomenon in which many young learners initially tend towards minimal speaking (Winitz et al., [[1995]]; cf. Gibbons, [[1985]]). In contrast, the communicative approach is largely a product of research in [[language education]].
The comprehension approach is based on [[theories]] of [[linguistics]], specifically Krashen's [[Monitor Theory]],<ref>Krashen, 1982.</ref> and is also inspired by research on [[second language acquisition]] in [[children]], particularly the [[silent period]] phenomenon in which many young learners initially tend towards minimal speaking.<ref>Winitz et al., [[1995]]; cf. Gibbons, [[1985]], whose own interpretation of the 'silent period' is that children's silence reflects lack of linguistic knowledge or bewilderment within their new language environment.</ref> In contrast, the communicative approach is largely a product of research in [[language education]].<ref>[http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/sept_05_ac.pdf Acar, 2005: 4].</ref>


Winitz founded the [[International Linguistics Corporation]] in [[1976]] to supply comprehension-based materials known as ''[[The Learnables]]'' (e.g. Winitz, [[2003]]); several positive articles have been published testing these picturebooks with their accompanying audio recordings, mostly with Winitz as co-author (e.g. McCandless & Winitz, [[1986]]).
Winitz founded the [[International Linguistics Corporation]] in [[1976]] to supply comprehension-based materials known as ''[[The Learnables]]'';<ref>e.g. Winitz, [[2003]].</ref> several positive articles have been published testing these picturebooks with their accompanying audio recordings, mostly with Winitz as co-author.<ref>e.g. McCandless & Winitz, [[1986]].</ref>


==Footnotes==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>


==References==
==References==


*Acar, A. (2005). 'The "communicative competence" controversy.' [http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/sept_05_ac.pdf ''Asian EFL Journal'' 7(3)]. Retrieved 20th January 2007.
*Asher, J.J. (1969). 'The total physical response approach to second language learning.' ''The Modern Language Journal'' 53: 3-17.
*Asher, J.J. (1969). 'The total physical response approach to second language learning.' ''The Modern Language Journal'' 53: 3-17.
*Asher, J.J. (1981). The total physical response: theory and practice. In H. Winitz (ed.) ''Native Language and Foreign Language Acquisition''. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. pp.324-331.
*Asher, J.J. (1981). The total physical response: theory and practice. In H. Winitz (ed.) ''Native Language and Foreign Language Acquisition''. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. pp.324-331.

Revision as of 07:37, 20 January 2007

The comprehension approach is an umbrella term which refers to several methodologies of language learning that emphasise understanding of language rather than speaking.[1] This is in contrast to the better-known communicative approach, under which learning is thought to emerge through production, i.e. a focus on speech and writing.

The comprehension approach is most strongly associated with the linguists Harris Winitz, Stephen Krashen, Tracy D. Terrell and James J. Asher. The comprehension-based methodology mostly commonly found in classrooms is Asher's Total Physical Response approach;[2] Krashen and Terrell's Natural Approach[3] has not been widely applied.

The comprehension approach is based on theories of linguistics, specifically Krashen's Monitor Theory,[4] and is also inspired by research on second language acquisition in children, particularly the silent period phenomenon in which many young learners initially tend towards minimal speaking.[5] In contrast, the communicative approach is largely a product of research in language education.[6]

Winitz founded the International Linguistics Corporation in 1976 to supply comprehension-based materials known as The Learnables;[7] several positive articles have been published testing these picturebooks with their accompanying audio recordings, mostly with Winitz as co-author.[8]


Footnotes

  1. ↑ Winitz, 1981; Gary & Gary, 1981a and 1981b.
  2. ↑ Asher, 1969; 1981.
  3. ↑ Krashen & Terrell, 1983.
  4. ↑ Krashen, 1982.
  5. ↑ Winitz et al., 1995; cf. Gibbons, 1985, whose own interpretation of the 'silent period' is that children's silence reflects lack of linguistic knowledge or bewilderment within their new language environment.
  6. ↑ Acar, 2005: 4.
  7. ↑ e.g. Winitz, 2003.
  8. ↑ e.g. McCandless & Winitz, 1986.

References

  • Acar, A. (2005). 'The "communicative competence" controversy.' Asian EFL Journal 7(3). Retrieved 20th January 2007.
  • Asher, J.J. (1969). 'The total physical response approach to second language learning.' The Modern Language Journal 53: 3-17.
  • Asher, J.J. (1981). The total physical response: theory and practice. In H. Winitz (ed.) Native Language and Foreign Language Acquisition. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. pp.324-331.
  • Gary, J.O. & N. Gary (1981a). Comprehension-based language instruction: practice. In H. Winitz (ed.) Native Language and Foreign Language Acquisition. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. pp.343-357.
  • Gary, J.O. & N. Gary (1981b). Comprehension-based language instruction: theory. In H. Winitz (ed.) Native Language and Foreign Language Acquisition. New York: New York Academy of Sciences. pp.332-342.
  • Gibbons, J. (1985). 'The silent period: an examination.' Language Learning 35: 255-267.
  • Krashen, S.D. (1982). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.
  • Krashen, S.D. & T.D. Terrell (1983). The Natural Approach. New York: Pergamon.
  • McCandless, P. & H. Winitz, H. (1986). 'Test of pronunciation following one year of comprehension instruction in college German.' The Modern Language Journal 70: 355-362.
  • Winitz, H. (ed.) (1981). The Comprehension Approach to Foreign Language Instruction. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
  • Winitz, H. (2003). The Learnables, Book 1. Kansas City, MO: International Linguistics Corporation. 6th edition.
  • Winitz, H., B. Gillespie & J. Starcev (1995). 'The development of English speech patterns of a 7-year-old Polish-speaking child.' Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 24: 117-143.


Links

  • sdkrashen.com - some of Stephen D. Krashen's books and articles, available on-line.
  • The Learnables - International Linguistics Corporation.
  • TPR-World - Sky Oaks Productions, Inc. Information on Asher's 'Total Physical Response' methodology.
Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Comprehension_approach&oldid=118172"